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Special Trains

Planning Emergency Railway Journeys

THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER’S TRAIN, headed by two “AB” class locomotives at Panmure Station in New Zealand. The photograph was taken during the Duke of Gloucester’s 1934-1935 tour.

THE development of the motor-car and the aeroplane and the improvements in railway services have reduced the demand for special trains almost to vanishing point, but there are occasions even now when British railways are called upon to supply at short notice a special train. The introduction of a special train into the intricate organization of a railway system means, in the first place, rapid staff work.

Directly the application is received for the running of a special train, the divisional superintendents and any other railway companies concerned are advised by letter, telephone, or telegram, according to the time available.

The responsibility for all the arrangements falls upon the divisional superintendent in whose division the train is to begin its journey. His train section arranges, in conjunction with the train sections of the other divisions of that railway or with the other companies over the lines of which the train is to proceed, the schedule to which the special train must run, leaving and arriving at times as near as possible to the times desired. The rolling-stock section is advised to provide the coaches required, and the locomotive department the necessary engine. In the event of sleeping accommodation or restaurant car facilities being demanded, the appropriate department is warned so that the special vehicles may be properly equipped, provisioned, and staffed.

The station-master or depot-master at the starting-point is instructed to provide a guard, and, in co-operation with the locomotive, carriage, and wagon department, to see that the train is properly equipped, that the coaches are clean, that the tanks are supplied with water, and that soap and towels are provided.

The staff at stations and signal boxes along the line of route are advised by printed or typewritten notice, by telegram or telephone, and the district inspectors are also notified, in the event of any signal boxes having to be opened specially for the passage of the train.

If time permits, each divisional superintendent concerned issues a notice showing the times of the special train through his division, but the divisional superintendent at the starting-point shows in his notice the times throughout the whole journey for the benefit of the train staff, and he also shows the formation of the train.

As far as possible every effort is made to avoid any disturbance of the ordinary services, and, when due notice is given, a definite path can invariably be arranged which will reduce any dislocation to a minimum. When, however, there is no time to lay down a proper path, special instructions are issued to ensure that the train obtains a good run. The special train ranks as an express passenger train, taking precedence over trains of less important nature, such as local passenger trains and goods trains.

Locomotives and coaching stock are not kept prepared in the event of emergency, but it can be safely said that at the principal termini and important junctions these can be obtained at very short notice. At the principal stations a special train can be hired and be ready within a few hours of the application for it.

As well as the ordinary fares and the charges for special vehicles, such as saloons, the following special charges are made: ten shillings a mile tor a single journey; fifteen shillings a mile on the single mileage for a double journey, provided the return journey is made on the same or the following day. The minimum special charge is £6.

A special train that was engaged for the Duke of Cambridge and a large party in the ‘eighties can be taken as a typical example of the manner in which a special train can be worked without dislocating other traffic. This special left Euston at 10.5 am, in between the 10 o’clock Scottish express (predecessor of the “Royal Scot”) and the 10.10 Liverpool express, and ran to Crewe without being once stopped by signals. This achievement meant that the signalmen were working promptly and that the drivers of the three trains were keeping time to the minute along 158 miles of road. Such close working is, however, a commonplace of ordinary express traffic. Four express trains leave Euston daily between 5.50 and 6.10 pm.

In recent years one of the most notable special trains was that provided for the Duke and Duchess of Kent for their journey from Paddington to Birmingham on November 29, 1934, on the first stage their honeymoon. This specially-chartered train in described in the chapter “Royal Trains”.

Hirers of special trains are generally in a hurry, although this is not always so. For example, recently a special train was hired to take an invalid fro Exeter to Dover, via Guildford, as this method of transport ensured more comfort and safety than any other means of travel. Nurses and medical attendants accompanied the train, and every care was taken to eliminate jolting. At Dover the invalid was taken across the Channel to France, and he travelled in a special saloon to the Riviera.

Special trains have been hired to convey dying persons who have wished to spend their last hours in their homes, and the railways have enabled that wish to be fulfilled.

Sick persons generally travel, however, in specially equipped coaches, which are attached to ordinary trains The patients are brought by motor-ambulance from a hospital or their homes in, say, London, and are carried to the special coach, and taken to the town or health resort at which the hospital or convalescent home is situated.

The hospital trains of war time were, of course, special trains, as were the troop trains, but they were operated under abnormal conditions, and are referred to in the chapter “Special Passenger Traffic”.

Even now the railways are sometimes called upon to run special trains to enable doctors, nurses, and medical and surgical supplies to be taken speedily to the scene of an industrial disaster, when the hospitals and medical services of the area in which the disaster has occurred are unable to cope immediately with the number of injured.

Special trains have played an important part in the development of the railways. The chapter on the Santa Fe “Chief” tells the story of how this famous American train developed out of a special train ordered by Walter Scott, a wealthy miner.

In Great Britain special trains exploited the possibilities of high speed travel in the early days. One of the most famous of these trains ran on January 7, 1862, conveying a Queen’s Messenger with important dispatches. The dispatches concerned what is known as the “Trent Affair”. During the American Civil War a US warship stopped the British ship Trent and removed some passengers. There was no Atlantic cable, and therefore every effort was made to expedite the journey of the Queen’s Messenger. The Cunard Liner Europa landed him at Cork at 11.15 pm on January 6, and a special train took him to Dublin, which was reached at 3.30 am the next morning. Reaching Kingstown (now Dun Laoghaire) at 4.5 am, the Queen’s Messenger embarked in a steamer and crossed to Holyhead, where a special train had been ready for two days. It consisted of three four-wheeled coaches, the locomotive being No. 229, a 7 ft 6 in single of the “Lady of the Lake” class. The 130½ miles to Stafford were run in two hours twenty-four minutes, at an average speed of 54.3 miles an hour. This non-stop run was made possible because of water troughs which had been laid two years before on the level stretch between Llanfairfechan and Aber by John Ramsbottom, then Locomotive Superintendent of the London and North Western Railway. No. 229 was one of his locomotives.

FOR THE HONEYMOON of the Duke and Duchess of Kent. Men at the Great Western Railway’s works at Swindon are here seen preparing the train in which the Duke and Duchess travelled on the first stage of their honeymoon after their wedding in 1934. The train was drawn by a “King” locomotive.

At Stafford the engine was replaced in a minute and a half by No. 372, one of McConnell’s “Bloomer” class. The run of 133½ miles to Euston was made without a stop in two hours nineteen and a half minutes, at an average speed of 57.4 miles an hour. At Tring the driver found he had thirty-two minutes left to complete the 31¾ miles to Euston if he were to keep to schedule, but he managed to cover the first eight miles of this downhill stretch at high speed, and entered Euston two minutes ahead of schedule. The train weighed only about twenty tons, and the engine and tender thirty-four and three-quarter tons. Although this engine did not have the advantage of water troughs, the tender had a very large well, and this made the non-stop run possible.

As early as November, 1830, George Stephenson’s engine, the “Planet” worked a special train to carry voters from Manchester to Liverpool for an election. The journey was performed in an hour, including a stop of two minutes for water. A delay in starting rendered it necessary for the train to use “extraordinary dispatch” to get the voters to Liverpool in time.

In the ‘forties special trains were already showing the public what the railways could do. In 1842, a special train conveying Queen Adelaide covered the seventy-eight miles between Southampton and Vauxhall in a minute under the two hours, and a little later another special train cut the time down to one hour forty-six minutes. Another, run from Liverpool to Birmingham with American dispatches, covered the eighty-eight miles in 150 minutes. To be in time for a race, Lord Eglinton’s trainer hired a special train, which did the journey of thirty-one and a half miles from Manchester to Liverpool in forty minutes, at a rate of over forty-seven miles an hour.

At this period, chartering a special train was very common. Frequently a business man who had missed a train on his way to an important engagement would order a special to overtake it.

It appears to have been possible for a man who had missed the train from London to Brighton to charter a special which would catch up with the ordinary train before the latter had reached halfway, provided that the special started not later than half an hour after the ordinary train. It is said that the Secretary of the London and Greenwich Railway, having missed a train, started in pursuit on an engine, which ran into the train with such violence that the legs of one or two passengers were broken.

In connexion with special trains, and the speeding up of travel, Sir James Allport was the outstanding figure. Sir James, who was knighted in 1884 for his work, joined the Birmingham and Derby Railway Company in 1839. The line, which was forty-one miles in length, is now part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. Sir James began as chief clerk at a modest salary, and died in 1892 leaving £193,000. In the ‘forties he created a sensation by travelling from Sunderland to London and back, with relays of special trains in waiting at Darlington, York, Normanton, Derby, Rugby, and Wolverton, a distance of 600 miles, in fifteen hours. The engines were not able to run very far without taking in water, hence the need for the relays.

The occasion was when George Hudson, the “Railway King”, was elected MP for Sunderland in 1845, and was at the height of his powers. The returns of the voting were collected from the polling booths and handed to Allport, who rushed his manuscript to a London newspaper. The election result and a leading article were printed in the newspaper, and Allport was back in Sunderland with the newspaper before the announcement of the poll.

On February 26, 1848, Sir James, at the request of Messrs W. H. Smith & Son, sent a special train, with newspapers containing a report of the Budget speech, from London to Newcastle in nine hours and seven minutes, the train attaining a speed of fifty miles an hour over the circuitous route of those days.

An Unusual Lawsuit

Sir James was justly proud of the part he had played in increasing speed and comfort. When he was knighted he said he was particularly satisfied with the boon the Midland Railway Company, of which he was General Manager for many years, had conferred on third-class passengers. At one time, he said, he had seen third-class passengers shunted on a siding in bitterly cold weather to allow not only trains containing better-class passengers, but also fast goods trains, to pass.

“When the poor man travels” he said, “he has not only to pay his fare, but to sink his capital, for his time is his capital; and if he now consumes only five hours instead of ten in making a journey, he has saved five hours of time for useful labour - useful to himself, his family, and to society. And I think with even more pleasure of the comfort in travelling we have been able to confer on women and children. But it took twenty-five years to get it done”.

The Midland permitted the third-class passenger to travel in any train, and by 1875 had practically discarded the second-class, and had improved the third-class stock to the level of the second-class, a step which aroused so much comment that one critic said it would lead to the extinction of the middle classes, while another said it would “inflict great annoyance on every lady, and some annoyance on every man with a black coat, who travelled by that system”.

One special train was the cause of a lawsuit. The trouble occurred at a period when the Great Western trains stopped for ten minutes at Swindon to allow passengers to visit the refreshment room, which was not then owned by the railway. Those passengers who did not require refreshments used to protest at the delay, and sometimes, when these passengers made a fuss, the train was started before the ten minutes were up, and other passengers were left behind.

AN OCEAN LINER EXPRESS. The Southern Railway operates special expresses to its docks at Southampton, the premier port in Great Britain for long-distance traffic. Southampton has 30,068 ft. of quay length. The average boat special carries some 400 passengers.

In August, 1891, a man travelled first-class from London to Teignmouth, on the express that left Paddington at 3 pm, and was due at Teignmouth at 7.42. It was timed to stop ten minutes at Swindon from 4.27 pm to 4.37 pm, and the passenger, who was told that the train would stop for the ten minutes, went into the refreshment room. But the train stopped only seven minutes, and the passenger came on to the platform to find it had gone.

He went to Bristol, and at Bristol took a special train, which arrived at Teignmouth at 8.20 pm. He gave the station-master a cheque £31 17s, the cost of the special train, but stopped the cheque later. The company sued him for the cost of the train; and the passenger counter-claimed against the company for damages, because they had failed to convey him by the express from London to Teignmouth, and had broken their contract owing to the fact that the train had not stopped for ten minutes at Swindon.

The case was heard at the Brompton County Court. The judge decided that the sending on of the train three minutes before time at Swindon was an act of wilful misconduct on the part of the station-master at Swindon and that the passenger was entitled to damages for his detention and its consequences.

The judge then pointed out that it had been laid down in another case that it would be unreasonable to allow a passenger, delayed in his journey, to put the company to an expense to which he would not put himself if he had no company to look to. If the passenger’s journey had been the performance of some public or private business or duty which would not admit of delay, the judge considered that the expense of a special train could be incurred. On the other hand, he was not prepared to say that joining one’s family and friends some three hours sooner - the object of the passenger in question - justified the expense of a special train. He considered that the passenger was not entitled to recover the cost of this from the company. He was, however, entitled to recover his first-class fare from Bristol to Teignmouth, as the company had not completed their contract, and should be repaid the three shillings he had spent in sending telegrams to his family.

RlCHLY ORNAMENTED. The Pope’s private railway coach, which was specially appointed for His Holiness. In the days of the Papal States the Pope gave audiences at wayside stations.

The passenger was also entitled to damages for discomfort, annoyance and inconvenience. The judge cited a previous ruling when a judge had held that detention for two hours in winter, on a cold platform, with a refreshment stall containing nothing but jam tarts and bottles of soda-water, and being sent on by a slow train, entitled a passenger to damages. In the case before him the judge assessed the damages at £2. He allowed the passenger the cost of the counter-claim on the amount recovered, but gave the company full costs.

Stealing a March

Archibald Forbes, a famous journalist in his day, used a special train to pull off a “scoop”. In 1874, the emigrant ship Cospatrick, with more than 400 passengers, was burnt at sea. Two boats got clear, but one foundered. The other, containing thirty passengers, drifted; but, when it was picked up by the British Sceptre, homeward bound from Calcutta, only five persons remained alive, and two of these soon died. The other three were put ashore at St. Helena, and afterwards embarked for England in the steamship Nyanza. Forbes chartered a boat, boarded the steamer at the mouth of the Channel, and persuaded the second mate of the Cospatrick to go with him to Plymouth, whence a special train rushed him up to London with the account of the disaster.

The very speedy special train run in June, 1927, by the Pennsylvania Railroad from Washington to New York after the return of Colonel Lindbergh from his transatlantic flight is referred to in the chapter “Locomotive Speed Records”. Other noteworthy special trains receive attention in the chapter “Special Passenger Traffic”, to which reference has already been made.

Many years ago, when the motor car was still in its infancy, the “regular special” train was not unknown. This apparent contradiction needs a word of explanation. A wealthy business man living in the Home Counties would place a standing order with a railway company for a special train to take him daily to and from the City.

Such a train could have been seen at the beginning of this century travelling on the Aylesbury Extension of the Metropolitan Railway - now an important section of the lines operated by the London Passenger Transport Board. It consisted of two well-kept and highly polished saloon coaches and was drawn by a Metropolitan tank engine.

The efficiency of the railways has reduced the demand for special trains. His Majesty the King normally travels by special train, as explained in the chapter “Royal Trains”; but other members of the Royal family often travel as ordinary first-class passengers in a reserved saloon on an ordinary train. Business and public men in a hurry find the usual expresses adequate, and no longer chase the trains they have missed in hurriedly chartered specials.

  

You can read more on “Royal Trains”, “Special Passenger Traffic” and “Travelling Post Offices” on this website.

THE FRENCH PRESIDENT’S COACH. Here is the comfortable study where the President is able to continue his work during a long railway journey. Below is another view of the Presidential car. The particularly large windows are an outstanding feature of this special coach. The photograph shows the lounge, which opens into the private study.